Valuation API

Calculate the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), MOIC and an IRR sensitivity table for a single lump-sum equity investment that returns one exit value after a whole-year hold period. WHEN TO USE: you have an upfront investment amount, a single exit value and a hold period in whole years (standard PE/VC single-exit scenario) and need the annualised return, the money multiple, or a return stress-test. T

Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of an ordered cash-flow series discounted at a given rate. The first cash flow is treated as time 0 and is NOT discounted (typically the negative initial investment). WHEN TO USE: to evaluate whether an investment creates or destroys value at a required discount rate, or to compare competing projects on a present-value basis when you have a full cash-flow sche

Calculate the Multiple on Invested Capital (MOIC): total distributions divided by total invested, with no discounting and no time value. WHEN TO USE: for a quick money-multiple answer from a cash-flow schedule when you do not need a discount rate or annualised return. WHEN NOT TO USE: when time value of money matters (use calculate_irr for annualised return, or calculate_npv for discounted value).

Compute a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation: enterprise value from projected free cash flows plus a Gordon-growth terminal value. WHEN TO USE: to value a company or asset from its projected free cash flows, WACC and perpetual terminal growth rate (standard corporate/asset valuation). WHEN NOT TO USE: for a single-exit lump-sum investment (use calculate_irr), or when you need the discount rate i

Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): the blended after-tax cost of a company's equity and debt capital, weighted by market values. WHEN TO USE: to determine the discount rate for a DCF valuation from equity market value, debt market value, costs of capital and corporate tax rate. WHEN NOT TO USE: when you already have the discount rate, or for the full valuation itself (use calcu

Compute an IRR sensitivity grid across a range of exit multiples and hold periods for a single lump-sum investment. WHEN TO USE: to stress-test how the annualised return varies with exit multiple and holding period before committing to an investment. Complements calculate_irr. WHEN NOT TO USE: when you need one precise IRR for a known exit value (use calculate_irr), or a full valuation (use calcul

Calculate the earnings yield: earnings per share divided by share price — the inverse of the P/E ratio, expressing the earnings return on the share price as a percentage. Formula: Earnings Yield = EPS / Share Price. WHEN TO USE: Use to compare equity earnings returns directly against bond yields or the risk-free rate, or as a quick value screen — a high earnings yield can signal a cheap stock. WHE

Calculate enterprise value (EV): the total value of a business to all capital providers — equity value plus net debt (total debt minus cash and equivalents). Formula: EV = Equity Value + Total Debt - Cash & Equivalents. WHEN TO USE: Use as the capital-structure-neutral measure of a company’s total value — the standard starting point for valuation multiples (EV/EBITDA, EV/Revenue) and M&A transacti

Calculate the EV/EBITDA multiple: enterprise value divided by EBITDA — the most widely used valuation multiple for comparing companies independent of capital structure, tax and depreciation policy. Formula: EV/EBITDA = Enterprise Value / EBITDA. WHEN TO USE: Use for relative valuation of cash-generative businesses against peer multiples or transaction comps; a lower multiple may indicate relative

Calculate the EV/Revenue (EV/Sales) multiple: enterprise value divided by revenue — a valuation multiple usable for companies with thin, negative or zero EBITDA (e.g. high-growth or pre-profit businesses). Formula: EV/Revenue = Enterprise Value / Revenue. WHEN TO USE: Use for valuing pre-profit / high-growth companies, or as a cross-check alongside EV/EBITDA for mature ones. WHEN NOT TO USE: Do NO

Calculate the cost of equity using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): the risk-free rate plus beta times the market risk premium. Formula: Re = Rf + beta x (Rm - Rf). WHEN TO USE: Use to estimate the required return on equity — an input to WACC (calculate_wacc) and DCF discount rates, or as a standalone return hurdle. WHEN NOT TO USE: Do NOT use for companies where beta is a poor risk measure

Unlever a (levered) equity beta to its asset beta using the Hamada formula — removing the financial-risk effect of debt so betas of companies with different capital structures can be compared. Formula: Beta(unlevered) = Beta(levered) / (1 + (1 - tax rate) x Debt/Equity). WHEN TO USE: Use when valuing a private company or a deal with a different capital structure than the public comparable — unleve

Relever an unlevered (asset) beta to a target capital structure using the Hamada formula — restoring financial risk for the specific debt/equity mix of the company or deal being valued. Formula: Beta(levered) = Beta(unlevered) x (1 + (1 - tax rate) x Debt/Equity). WHEN TO USE: Use AFTER unlevering comparable betas: apply the average unlevered beta to your target company’s (or transaction’s) capita

Calculate equity value from enterprise value: the value attributable to common shareholders, derived by subtracting net debt (total debt minus cash) from enterprise value — the reverse of the EV bridge. Formula: Equity Value = Enterprise Value - Total Debt + Cash & Equivalents. WHEN TO USE: Use when you hold enterprise value (e.g. from a DCF or an EV multiple) and need the implied equity value / m